<p>The study aimed to present historical antecedents to Psychology constitution, as a science and profession, in Brazil. A theoretical review of the theme with the keyword “history of psychology in Brazil” was used, from 2010 to 2020, and in the Lilacs, Scielo, PePsic, Pubmed and Scopus databases, with which 1043 documents were collected, and with inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in 29 works used in the present study. Three major periods were highlighted to understand the Psychology paths in Brazil: Colonial (1500-1822); Empire and First Republic (1822-1930); and, Autonomy and Regulation of the Profession (1930-1962). From the emergence of ideas and psy knowledge (moral norms for the colony, hygienist vision of Society), and linked to the medicine and education, for the conquest of own spaces as an autonomous science that led to the profession’s regulation, demonstrate the breadth of knowledge and practices that consolidated Psychology in Brazil. This science and profession has advanced and reshaped its action fields, surpassing its original constitution limits, reiterating its historical movement is heterogeneous, composed of several theoretical aspects and practice fields, currently reaching different psychological phenomena – in a constant collective construction – influenced by physical, psychological and social means, and carried out with social commitment.</p>